禮敬
禮敬偉大之文殊菩薩。
嗡，阿拉巴紮那提。 ———文殊菩薩心咒。
共通語言的說明
網站 www.languagesbook.com
email：collanguage@collanguage.com
參考資料
羅貝爾法漢詞典
最新高級英漢詞典，商務印書館
古代漢語詞典，商務印書館
漢語詞典，網絡
感謝老天，大地，國家和人民；感謝列祖列宗；父母與家人。感謝漢字與字母創立者，各種詞典編寫者。
願我們強大。願世界和平。願藉著語言的研究，能夠使我們廣泛的吸收世界各方的人類文明的精華，開創偉大繁榮。
思想自由的環境，權利與習慣，是共通語言的構想的基礎，共通語言是想像力的產物。共通語言的發展方向與路徑雖然不能現在確定，但隨著社會發展會有明確的答案。
理論探索無有止境，一切問題永遠沒有最終的，標準的，唯一的答案。 “周雖舊邦，其命維新。”《詩經·大雅·文王》。
或許有一天，金凱，即金色樂器所創立的，基於不同語言的詞彙之間的輔音或元音字母之相關性，而引發的共通語言的設想與詞表，成為人類未來太空航行的通訊交流甚至愛戀的基礎吧。
共通語言簡介
共通語言詞表的編寫的依據，是認為人類語言由一種語言變化而來，或者彼此之間存在相互聯繫影響，或者存在相似度。並且認為在語言發展過程當中，元音輔音發生變化但依然有規律可循；語系的劃分並非一種不可逾越的藩籬，語法和所使用的文字不應成為研究語言共通性質的障礙。
詞表的寫作目的是為了學習語言提供一種工程方法，可以成為學習英語法語與漢語的參考資料。一些內容也可以認為是對語言進行研究而得到的結論。
這是一本學習詞表。用現代英語和現代漢語（含漢語地方話）寫作，詞彙選擇均不超越現有的普通英漢詞典和漢語詞典，以現代英語和現代漢語的發音作為寫作的根據，但也涉及古英語，拉丁語，古漢語的發音以及詞彙的變遷。此本詞表以能夠方便記憶應用，通過直譯方式而掌握英法文詞彙為首務。
此本詞表內容僅為本人之觀點見解。
漢語古文或文言文，基本是用單個字組成句子。通過閱讀這本詞表可以發現，英語法語的表達也許與漢語古文或漢語地方話的表達類似的一面。
我的工作並非唯一。那些對語言感興趣的人們，深刻地探討語言的起源和聯繫，他們的工作深深地影響和啟發了我對語言的看法。
我學習英漢詞典，幾乎用了十年時間，而且是用了整段時間，企圖通過學習詞典的方式而掌握英語。我一直懷有一個想法，即看見英語，即可知道漢語。因為做別的事情，放棄了這種看來較笨的方法。
後來由於環境的要求，學習法語。我依舊用這種方法，試圖掌握和翻譯法語詞彙。先前聽過別人講到，法語與漢語有幾個詞彙相同。在互聯網上也看過幾篇文章，英漢有些詞彙類似。我想法語與漢語應該會有共同之處。我就試著用直譯的方式書寫法語和漢語詞彙，以期掌握法語詞彙。寫到後來逐漸感到，英語法語似乎可以用一些古漢語，漢語地方話，漢語口語的詞字直接對應。讀者可以耐心閱讀此本詞表就會體會到這點。這樣寫作就匯成了這本英漢直譯詞典。
當然這個問題確實比較複雜，涉及考古，語言學，基因學等等各個方面學科，這些都有待學者們的探討。如果要證明語言共通性質關係，需要更加深刻的討論。我的詞表或許可以作為語言共通的一個資料，但不是或者能夠證明兩者存在某種關係。
我所關心的只是一個問題，即能幫助人們更方便的學習英法語和漢語。出於記憶詞彙的想法，這裡只是找出與英文法文詞彙的相近似音的漢語字。
對於漢語人士來說，當你看到英語詞彙時，你可以轉成與之相近的漢語漢字，方便記憶理解。對於英語人士來說，可以用來學習漢字。象形文字卻是具有永恆魅力。
詞表裡面英法語詞彙只選擇比較常用的，其所對應的漢語詞彙僅僅選擇一兩個來寫，漢語詞彙不能認為是最後確定的答案，所以採用網絡詞表的方式以方便修改。有些漢語詞彙的寫法，的確顯得勉強。如果需要詳細準確的詞彙解釋，請立即查閱其他各種英漢詞典。
在編寫此本詞表過程中間，參閱了其他詞典，包括英漢詞典，新華詞典，古漢語詞典。此處謹致感謝。
謹請各位讀者提出寶貴意見，作者不勝感激。
作者謹記。
共通語言的講解的緣起
本人學習英語法語的時間很早，小學的時候就跟著廣播電台學習。後來放下很長時間，因爲想往世界走走，所以就又重新拾起了外語的學習。成人時代的外語學習不同於孩提時代，需要一些記憶的技巧方法，故也就隨之鑽研起來一些語言學的事物，逐漸的對語言中的現象和規律感興趣，想想語言裡面的一些事情。過去眼界的範圍，是有關研究器世間即物質世界的學問，如數學物理電科機械等等；對音樂繪畫書法等藝術也感興趣，並沒有想到語言研究其實也是一門學問，而且是與人密切有關的學問。
後來到蒙特利爾居住。蒙城是一個好地方，夏天游泳冬天滑雪並與各色人等聚集一處。其實值得珍視的是，在這裡可以學習運用法語英語兩種語言，這是其他地方沒有的好環境。移民及其子女則更多出一種自己家鄉的語言。蒙特利爾英語法語並存，有點條件將漢語英語法語放到一起研究，希望能夠找到這三者之間的共通的地方。在當今世界上英語法語是佔有重要地位，漢語現在也有許多優勢，而且我們的漢字是十分有價值。我自己通過學習一些語言學及曆史等文章，與若幹朋友交流，做一些思考，感到不同語言還是可以聯繫起來。
作者學習英漢詞典，幾乎用了十年時間，而且是用了整段時間，企圖通過學習詞典的方式而掌握英語。我一直懷有一個想法，即看見英語，即可知道漢語。因為做別的事情，放棄了這種看來較笨的方法。後來由於環境的要求，學習法語。我依舊用這種方法，試圖掌握和翻譯法語詞彙。先前聽過別人講到，法語與漢語有幾個詞彙相同。
通過網上或書本學習，並與來自世界各地的人交流中，體會到人類的語言存相通之處，我想法語英語漢語應該會有共通之處，亦感到中華之漢字極其珍貴。業餘之際加以研究。試著用直譯的方式書寫法語和漢語詞彙，以期掌握法語詞彙。書寫了一段時間，考慮到英語的重要，決定還是先寫英語漢語詞彙對照。寫到後來，逐漸感到，英語與古漢語，漢語地方話，漢語口語似乎比較接近。讀者可以耐心閱讀此本詞典就會體會到這點。這樣寫作就匯成了共通語言詞表，建立共通語言網站www.collanguage.com，與他人分享自己的勞動所得。
語言文字是上天賜予我們人類的美麗的花，不論發音時態還是文字的書寫等似乎都是曠大空間極遠時代的古人以及後來的先哲對時間空間的看法總結。願每種語言文字都像花園中的花朵一樣盛開。
漢字是像形文字，是珍貴的，具有穩定性。拼音文字雖然易學習，但是隨著時間的推移，發音會發生變化。後來者則無法理解前人的思想。移民的時代，即航海或者宇航時代則更如此。不同地方，不同星球的語言肯定不同，無法設想所有人只講一種語言。只有漢字才能解決字面交流的問題。當然如果有思維傳感，也可以用腦瓜傳漢字吧。如果講不同語言，傳感來的是不同的語言拼寫，一樣不好理解，跟紙張時代存在的問題一樣。總之漢字擁有非凡的功能。
其實，學習語言不是目的，用語言去討論問題，這才是學習語言的最終目的。凡是你感興趣的問題，都應該成為討論的對象，不應該被限制，從而激發出智慧並解決問題，推動文明的進步。
共通語言的目的想法
語言確是人類自亙古以來的所見所聞總結，思與想的總結。現在語言學的發展，已經發展到影響現實技術的程度了，例如計算機語言，就是語言研究的在改造物質世界上的應用。
這裡所呈現的，非語言學之研究的，卻是在日常生活中想到的，與我自己所想的語言語音規律相結合所做的結果。我的工作並非唯一。那些對語言感興趣的人們，深刻地探討語言的起源和聯繫，他們的工作深深地影響和啟發了我對語言的看法。
共通語言的設想與企圖，是使不同的語言對接，類似幾塊電子線路板，不管其內部演變，只是關注外在接口的銜接。是對語言發展曆史的回朔，也是對未來語言的展望。不是基於現有各種理論基礎上的研究，卻也提供一種語言的研究思路；提供一種語言的學習方法，即給英語法語詞匯對應一個發音與意義最接近的一個漢字以便記憶。
但是，我們畢竟是有骨有血有肉有體溫之人，非是一冷冰冰的機器。因此與日常生活，與藝術結合去思索問題符合我們的人性。將語言的規律符號或者數字化，那走的是所謂外丹的路。這樣去想語言的問題，與研究物理化學天文地理電子機械等等是一樣的事情，無非是用數學或者符號轉而研究不同對象。其實就是研究物理化學天文地理電子機械，也有一個考慮人的感受的因素。這裡所說的人的感受，不僅是操作，外形等等方便美觀，進一步的是人能否體會到其中的運作，非是從外界接口測定推理。通過語言對事物及過程的描述且做一種直覺體驗可以做到。
歐幾里得幾何學是從古代到現在通用的一個學說範式，後世的物理化學天文地理等等科學在此基礎上建立。中國先秦諸子們構建了中國學術體系，中醫，周易，五行學說等等。類比邏輯實際上是中國古代典籍中使用得最廣泛的邏輯。中國古人把類比邏輯應用於世間萬物，隱含著一個邏輯假定，即世間萬物之間存在著相似性。即宇宙是一個系統，系統內部是相似的，陰陽五行的概念也就有了邏輯的基礎。類比邏輯的特點是比較粗糙，但依然能夠得出很多有效的結論。但是我們不可能都等待基礎演繹理論建立之後再去找尋語言的相通的地方並應用於語言的學習。即使有理論論述語言的關聯，亦缺乏情感的色彩。
語言確是含有我們的情感，最好還是通過我們的生活去研究。通過推理的方式，例如所謂世界語的創立，或者印歐源頭語言的創立，多少缺乏情感的色彩。我想讓我的想法及所寫的東西根植於生活，俱生活的氣息。語言是要通過藝術與文學的表達才具靈氣。
通過不同語言詞彙對比的講解，希望能夠促進人們的語言的學習。學習好漢語可以促進外語的學習。古代印度，歐洲，波斯等等，均有大量文獻，若能用軟件直譯，則可以跨越語言字母的障礙。最終的目的是其他文種的書籍對應漢字，從而以漢字的方式保存下來。
共通語言的寫作目的是為了學習英語或者漢語提供一種方法。一些內容也可以認為是對語言進行研究而得到的結論。僅為本人之觀點見解。可以成為學習英語法語漢語的參考資料。詞表這裡所說的對應，指語言之詞彙，其拼寫或者音標的元音之間的對比，或者僅是一種趣味遊戲。共通語言詞表重應用，不對語言詞彙來龍去脈作詳細考證，以能夠方便記憶為主。
共通語言的講解其實是建立在，其一人類語言具有共通性質，其二人類語言是從少數語言演變過來這個理論基礎上的，其三語言彼此之間因為人類運動的原因而存在相互聯繫影響，即使我們使用象形文字，漢語依然與其他語言存在密切聯繫。這裡只是從發音角度研究，隨著考古學的發現，應該可以得到驗證。在語言發展過程當中，元音輔音發生變化但有規律；語系的劃分並非一種不可逾越的藩籬，語法和所使用的文字不應成為研究語言共通性質的障礙。
明代大科學家徐光啟翻譯《幾何原理》確定幾何名稱，也許並未考慮古漢語與英語和拉丁語的近似性，只從發音相似以確定名稱。這裡的研究或許能提供一點有用的東西給歷史數學等學科的編寫。對今後對於英語的翻譯方向提供了一個選項。因為現代英語詞彙越來越多，有時為了方便，直接引進。而實際上，漢語總是有詞彙與之對應，且發音接近，只是此詞彙未實際應用，但總是可以明白。例如：ana.es.the.sia [] n. [國sang zhi]喪知；麻醉。 [<希臘語]。通過詞表也希望搞清，盡量使用已有的詞彙而不要熱衷創詞或者隨意移植詞彙。古人創造一個詞彙不容易。性，道，陰陽為好或中詞。願能使詞彙返璞歸真。
現代漢語不如古漢語簡潔。例如，約；契約。討；磋商，請教。我們需要恢復我們的先人曾經使用過的語言和文字，簡練而形象，那是古先哲用盡心血而造。我們放棄古人的創造，太可惜了。例如：一個‘攝’字，我們必須用兩個字表達：攝，維護。恢復我們的古代語言，地方語言，通俗語言。沒有一個是沒有價值的。應該採用的文字為五千年來逐漸演化而一直使用的字體。
新詞總會源源不斷地出現。例如那麼多的小車，那麼多的玩具，卻可以說成：夢多，象夢一樣多。自然創造，沒有矯作。語言是在發展。發展需要浪漫。若從開始學習語言時候就告訴學生那麼多的規則，那麼這種語言就已經死亡了。或者最後的結局就是只記住規則，而不會語言。每一種理論也是如此。如何學語言？用詞堆起來。雖然編寫非常繁瑣，但卻是一件浪漫之事，因為可以思想的很遠很遠。可以想像一萬年以來的事情。透過語言的詞彙能想到歷史，感受到古人的文明的腳步，感受到偉大先人發明語言文字的心意。同樣的音表達不同之意，古人故而創造了不同之文字與之對應。這些偉大之先人，縱橫於歐亞大陸，在不同的地方創造文明。
我們是否在用我們現在的觀點理解古人，他人呢？例如大雁功當中的各種動作名稱，我們可能覺得僅僅是動作名稱，但是由於古人的境界比我們大，因此也未必如我們現在所理解的，比如尋雲看霧，可能不僅僅是尋雲，也許包涵了對世界超脫的理解。如陰陽，現在是說古人經過抽象，看到太陽，男人等等，得出陽的概念。也許是太陽，男人從陰陽而來的狀態，被古人體會到。例如understand，理解。英語與漢語對理解這個詞的理解是不同的。
語言，文字本身就是藝術的事物，其起因與演變不似數學定理那樣的嚴格界定與推理，具很大的隨意與偶然性。但通過努力也能找到規律。例如語系之劃分，文學作品對語言的影響。語言也會符合五行八卦。
共通語言探討語言之間可能的聯繫，以促進語言的學習。非教科書，非最終答案，是一個動態的過程。非製作出一種語言，而是力求使不同的語言貫穿起來，而又能夠保持各自的獨立。這件事是一件宏大的事情，是共通語言所追求的目的。
共通語言的語音論述
音聲本來存在於自然當中，頭腦和身體也屬於自然。既然如此，那麼人類表達同樣事物的用語應該是一樣的。不僅如此，一切生靈所感受到的音聲以及用於表達歡樂和痛苦的音聲與人類也會是一樣的。
語言應該包括咒語和交流用語。菩薩的咒語是由他渡生的願力而發，無法用我們所應用的語言翻譯理解。也許是上一代人類的語言。但我知道，持誦菩薩的咒語就會與他的願力相應。如觀音菩薩大明咒：嗡嘛呢叭咪紅。根據南懷瑾居士講，西藏藏傳佛教有此句咒語，世界某些地方也有。
交流用語就是現在的各種語言。語言與古人對世界和自身的認識有關。古中國思想認為天人合一，世界由盤古化成高山海洋森林；古印度的思想認為宇宙是一個大人。藏傳佛教及其它宗派的咒語，也應該能夠幫助我們對語言有更深刻的理解。語言在最初，應該是為讚美神靈的，然後才是交流，如澳洲真人部落的講法。當然神靈在身內還是身外，是大身還是小身，古代與現代，不同教派有不同看法。
古印度思想認為世界起源於阿字。因此古人開始產生話語時，先有阿音，漸次發其他音。阿字代表無，雖從口中而發，卻是從虛空而來，從杳冥，從無中來。所有音聲從一音聲《阿》而來，所有語言從一種語言而來，人都從一個地方而來甚至一人而來。即一生二，二生三，三生萬物。而一從有而生，有從無中而生。外界的一切，人們或眾生通過眼耳鼻舌身意所感受的色聲香味觸法，從而有的喜怒哀樂悲恐驚，都是眾生的心在最終感受，更進一步說，都是心裡存有這些，為心之所生，才會與外界合拍，正如共振原理一樣，此為眾生的境界。菩薩的境界則如大唐玄奘法師，即西遊記的唐僧唐三藏所翻譯的《心經》所講：觀自在照見五蘊皆空，度一切苦厄，色不異空，空不異色，色即是空，空即是色。色為物質。孔老夫子所講之色也應該也是物質之意。
音聲本身就已經具備表示物體的性質，如高地上下粗細。同時音有像形文字對應，用以表示眼睛所見的物體。例如：《散》字，從發音上已經知道意義了，加上漢字，更容易理解。佛經講人是從第六重天，光音天而來。漢字創立應該能夠印證這種說法。
詞彙是與人的來源，文化，歷史，宗教，甚至一萬年前的古中國古印度古埃及古西伯利亞等等地方的古代的人生觀宇宙觀相聯繫的。中國古人可能有幾個部分：北部人種，南部人種，西部人種。
古代的思維大致都一樣。所有詞彙均可以認為是從對聲音的模仿而起源，依靠大自然的啟發與人的體驗來組字詞，類似八卦的定義，不論中文還是英法文等。例如貓mao，也許就是從對貓的叫聲模仿而來。 bird，或許與鳥的叫聲有關。妞，girl，也許就是從對女孩的聲音的模仿而來。 arrown.[國sou]嗖；箭。 art [] n. [國a] 啊！美術，藝術。啊，表感嘆，表藝術。
唱歌是喉管變粗，變細，語言是音在喉管的上下位置變化。按照中國古代人天對應的觀點所作出的推斷，作一個假定。不同的元音在發音的氣道中，位置是不同的。 a阿，o我，e哦，i一，u無，yu於，在發音氣道中的位置是由上而下，與外在所代表之物的位置一樣。 a音為高，yu音為低。鼻音較其根音為高。從人體的頭到足，與a，o，e，i，u，yu的排列對應。例如a對應頭髮，o或者ou對應頭，e對應喉，i對應胸；u對應肚，足。外在事物方面，表示在上面往往用a，ou等等元音，表示下面往往用u，yu音。例如如foot，sous，足，住，即表示下面的事物。中國象形文字是不同場合或行為配不同的字，如：住，注，駐。一個詞，先有其音上面的意義，後用字表達出來，即先音意後字意。
以下為音聲從高到低的順序：
ang，a，e，i，u，yu。
鼻音詞彙要比非鼻音詞彙位置要高，例如：上shang下xia。
高gao，高字在氣道的位置要高於低字；
地di，低字在氣道的位置要低於高字；
同樣的推斷，每個元音在氣道發出的氣量不同。例如
cu粗，粗字在氣道發出的氣量要大。
xi細。細字在氣道發出的氣量要小。
如同法語，拉丁語詞彙有陰陽。音聲也可分為陰陽。
A陽性，天
O陰性
E陰性
I陰性：地，密，泥，膩，逆，尼。溺，匿。
U陰性
V陰性：雨，去，女，拒，
然後用到具體的地方，再分陰陽。例如
E:
陽性（變長，大）：介，接，節（日），傑，揭；潔，鐵，野，爺，冶，燁。
陰性：憋，癟，蹩，別，鱉，液，夜，
同樣一個英語單詞，應當有同樣詞性漢語詞彙作為對應。
AO：音代表力量，可能都從一個音而來。好，遙，叫，遼。
H：輔音h可能也是有此功能。 h聲音直接出來。 gkh同根。
物質的五行與英語數字的對應起來。
金One，木Two，水Three火Four，土Five，
天干與英語數字的對應。
甲，乙，丙，丁，戊，己six，庚se.ven，辛，壬nine，癸
地支與英語數字的對應。
子鼠，丑牛，寅虎，卯兔，辰龍，巳蛇six，午馬，未羊eight，申猴nine，酉雞，戌狗，亥豬twel.ve
Sun [] n.[國yang]陽，乾陽；moon [] n.[國kuen-kun]坤；坤月。
漢字是非凡的
漢語方言中的四聲，五聲，是具歌唱性質。即表達自然事物的形象，又表達音聲，是一種優美的語言表達，是我們古國先人的智慧創造。粵語之雅：九聲六調，古韻濃濃。
我們同時有漢字。
漢語文字具有非凡的用處。宇航時代需要像形文字；人們鍛煉右腦防老年癡呆；科技詞彙太多；隨著時間發音總在變化。
漢字象形文字的創造是一個漫長過程。在歐洲，西伯利亞，陰山，直到美國西海岸的，時間為五千年到一萬年岩刻也許是其中的一個來源。漢字或許有蘇美爾，古埃及等等的來源。
現在許多文字指示畫成圖標，漢字作為像形文字，本身就具有圖標的性質。
現在世界上有許多文字。一種文字有字母和象形文字兩種表達，象形文字作為共通的媒介，這樣任何一個人都可以讀懂其他語言的出版物，彼此能夠交流。
一個發音對應不同的詞，不同的意思，不同的漢字，似乎從一個原始發音而來，均從一個意義來。即無生有，有生一，一生二，二生三，即有一個詞彙，根據用在不同地方再改成不同的字。例如：
yi
易，移，譯，異，逸，佚，溢，繹，抑，佚，遺，弋，軼，驛，益。改變之意。
qiao
橇，瞧，殼，俏，橇，巧，敲，翹，僑。外表之意。
cang
倉臧等等同意，可能是不同時間，不同人造的。
qie，que
玉的缺，缺，虧khwed，潰，鋸，切。
xiao
笑，孝順
un音
滾gun，輪lun，軍jun，運yun；或許從glun而來。
y，yang
陽，洋，楊，易旁等等，高大都有關。一個偏旁的都有關，養羊旁與生命有關。
uan音
q-圈全卷，h-完環，w-彎碗丸軒轅，x-旋；轉，環，轉，全等等都與圓有關。
ge
洛，各等等古時一定同音，用不同字區分。
漢字當中表示同一個意思的音字，或許從一個音而來，例如
爾，汝，你等等都是從一個音而來。
漢字當中同樣偏旁部首可能有關係，例如
柳樹與鉚釘有關。
不同語系語言可能存在聯繫
語言之間的關聯程度大於我們的想像，語系的劃分是以前的事情，漢語同樣有時態。談到語言，就會想起語系，有所謂漢藏語系，印歐語系，南亞語系，阿爾泰語係等等。這些劃分，是語言學家調查，分析，辯論，總結後得出的結論。隨著時間的推移，新的研究成果的問世，語系的劃分的標準也許會有變化。當語系劃分了以後，人們自然會認為，語系內部的語言，有一些共同的東西，如語法，詞彙等等，不同語系語言是不可能有什麼聯繫。
探討語言的來源，不能不說人的來源和人種問題。過去的看法是中國人是由北京猿人變化而來，但現在基因研究已經證明現代中國人與北京猿人沒有關聯，北京猿人已經在上一個冰河時期滅絕了。一些有關人類遷徙的資料，確實也證明了人類語言可能存在關聯。已經證明現今世界上的所有現代人類都是大約7萬年前從非洲走出來的智人的後代，歐亞大陸上的人們語言肯定有著關聯。中國北京附近發現山頂洞人，但似乎不是現代中國人的祖先。在一個地界，發現的遺跡不一定就是現在居住這里人們的祖先或其創造。古人沒有國界。中國人祖先從遼闊的北方草原，從有石刻發現的地方而來，從西面崑崙高山而來，從南面半島而來。愛爾蘭也有龍，紅山文化也有龍，只是不同而已。現代人種也許就是四五萬年前開始突然加速進步而不知為何原因的那一部分非洲人的後裔，包括我們現代中國人。因此可以推斷，不同語言均從核心語言發展而來。
歷史的事件對語言的影響。一般地認為，地理相距遙遠的語言之間，無論從語系還是地理方面上講，都被認為是兩種極其不同的語言不存在任何關係。然而，如果對於某幾種語言做出一個對比研究的話，而這種對比基於雙方古代，現代官方和當代地方語言，現代人類起源與基因學說，並且考慮各自歷史的變遷。甚至基於一種非常普通的常識，即上古時代人類自由遷徙的可能性，或許能夠得出語言之間可能存在關係的結論。
語言與人類遷徙有關。遠古人類自由遷徙，匈奴能夠從北部中國遷徙萬里到達歐洲，突厥人蒙古人這些我們知道從東亞或者中亞出發到達歐洲，這是歷史書有記載。因此語言之間存在相通性也不難理解。在有記載的歷史中，東西方的之間民族的遷徙，各種交流往來頻繁。尤其是北方，從呼倫貝爾草原到東歐草原，被稱為游牧民族的遷徙大通道。如果語言之間沒有聯繫，似乎是不可能的。上古時代人們自由遷徙，沒有國界。古人遷徙到某一地方，肯定不會像現在移民一樣，按部就班的學習當地語言，征服或混合當地土著語言的可能更大。有證據表明小麥等隨著人類遷徙進入中國。
漢語古文或文言文，基本是用單個字組成句子。通過講解可以發現，法語英語的表達也許比較像漢語古文或漢語地方話的表達。粵語其尾音有輔音，但通常發音很輕且很快。例如：足[cut]，英語為foot[fut]。之所以如此是因為秦統一六國以後，向嶺南移民了大量六國貴族和普通百姓，從而帶去了當時中原話，與當地土話融合形成粵語。尾輔音可以區別詞彙，漢語沒有輔音，容易造成混淆。如，悲劇，杯具，粵語可以彌補此種缺失。古漢語可能有輔音，然後演變失去尾輔音。可以看看嘉絨語的介紹能夠明白漢語的演變。
人類的語言走到今天，其實應該跨過語系的設定。古時無國家與邊界，古人無有護照可以四海為家，語言互有影響是極為正常的事情。但是這裡所作的思考，僅僅出於興趣或者對未來的展望，不涉及現有語言理論。
共通語言詞表的特點與規定
若干年前，一篇報導說的是一位美國華裔歷史教授到中國甘肅做田野調查，他發現當地土話與古猶太語大約有一千多個詞彙元音相同。後來我的朋友告訴王力教授講解語言中輔音變化不大，元音變化大。我也試著找一找英語與漢語相同元音的詞彙，後來又找法語與漢語元音相同的詞彙。逐漸匯成這本英語漢語直譯對照。
共通語言詞表不是基於基因研究基礎上的，而只是基於語音的研究與應用。語言之間的關聯，或是偶然或是必然，力圖使基本詞彙都能有相對應的發音接近的漢語詞彙，找到在發音和意思上互相接近的詞彙。該篇文章就是研究如何找到，給出了一些規律上的東西。雖然不能完全地證明語言之間的內在聯繫，但還是摸得一些線索。
共通語言詞匯表不是嚴格意義的翻譯，而是帶有想像力的對照。來自日常生活的故事，圖畫，以及一些經典的學習與總結。每個詞匯有簡單的解說。對應的詞匯或許有一定的根據，或許看上去似乎有點道理，或許就是一個勉強的對應。共通語言的詞表，就是發音接近，並且意義也接近的詞彙。一般翻譯，都是意譯，學習起來難度較大，直譯的好處在於注意到語言可能存在的聯繫，並且學習中利用原有母語，相當於搭了一個橋。
不管語言是否存在關係，不論學習英法語還是漢語，都可以利用相近的發音去記憶詞彙。共通語言的詞匯表，是一個基於考慮發音與詞意兩個方面不可或缺的詞表，不同於現行的只考慮詞匯意義的詞典。當然要找到一一對應，似乎不太現實，但起碼這是一條思路。
每種語言都有變化的歷程。例如英語give，gift等等一樣，阿拉伯語，一個書的詞根演化書屋，書商的等等一樣。 -ing為保守的音節。
英語因為不列顛有很長一段時間被諾曼底人統治，發音與詞彙有較大的改變。英語詞彙當中，按照一般的說法，大約有五分之一是英語本身的詞彙，有五分之三來自拉丁語和法語，剩下的來自其他語言。當然現代英語可能外來語的成分可能會更多。
漢語，因為在歷史上的各種變遷，近代又經過白話文運動，詞彙與發音都有巨大的變化。但翻譯的用詞可以改變一些，可以定義出一些類似的發音。具體地講，英語本身的詞彙用英語音標或詞的拼寫兩種方法選擇對應漢語詞彙。例如a讀成ei，a，ai，o等等。從拉丁語，希臘語來的詞彙用拉丁語，希臘語讀法與拼寫兩種方法選擇對應漢語詞彙。例如a只能讀成a，不能讀成ei。這樣就很容易找到讀音比較近似的漢語詞彙。法語詞彙按照法語拼寫去找漢語對應詞；法語中原本屬於英語的一些詞彙，找漢語對應詞只根據英語的讀法。
何為英語讀法呢？
英語當中的元音有a，e，i，o，u，y。法語當中也是這六個元音。但是讀法是不一樣的。英語讀成a【ei】，e【i】，o【ou】，u【ju】，y【wai】；法語讀成a【a】，e【e】，i【i】，o【o】，u【u】，y【i】，與漢語拼音讀法一樣；漢語拼音也是參考法語來的。英語讀法與法語讀法不同。這些區別應該與當時開始用文字記錄語言的設定有關。
本身是從古英語，中古英語等發展而來的詞，有開音節和閉音節之區別。例如bite，i讀成【ai】音，bit讀成【i】音。開音節的讀音規律一般按照英語字母的讀法，閉音節一般的為：a【ai】，o【o】，e【e】，i【i】，u【a】，y【i】。
閉音節詞的找對應詞，可能與按照上面規定的只按字母發音讀法找到的對應詞有所不同。如果能找到該詞的遵從兩種規定的對應詞，則列出兩種對應；找不出，則只列一種。取發音最近的對應詞。
比較麻煩的一點就是，必須知道某某詞是從古，中古英語來的，還是從拉丁語來的。因為這個決定了字母的讀音。例如a在英語中讀成【ei】，在拉丁語或者法語讀成【a】，在找漢語對應詞時是不同的。
共通語言在尋找英語法語詞彙的漢語對應字時，遵循了幾點，這也是學習時需要遵循的。
其一，確定此詞是英語詞還是法語詞。因為，例如a的發音在英語或者法語中是不同的。
其二，確定從拼寫找還是從發音找，一般從拼寫找。注意：不同拼寫有不同的發音，例如開音節-ace，-ake等讀成【ei】，而閉音節-ack等等讀成【ae】，其他還有很多不同拼寫導致的不同讀音。同時按照輔音找。
其三，確定對應的漢語字的拼音元音，與英語詞或者法語詞的拼寫元音及音標元音完全一致。例如base，拼寫的元音是a【ei】，其音標的元音也是【ei】，此時對應的漢字是卑【bei】，可以完全對應。一般這是對開音節而言。同時按照輔音找。
對閉音節而言，例如back【baek】，音標為【ae】，先按照音標找但是找不到，按照拼寫的元音找，背【bei】。同時按照輔音找。
抑或需要元音轉換。例如base【beis】，也可以對應基礎的基【ji】，這是因為【ei】與【i】有聯繫。
僅僅說幾個例子。漢語的翻譯中，有拉丁語詞彙法語英語。
要，will。
dog，狗。
foot，足，zu
book 書，shu
at在，zai
sky；蓋，天古稱穹蓋
eye，眼，北方話稱yar
mouth，按拼寫讀為mou，
口， kou。 white，白，bai red，按拼寫讀，ri，赤，chi，
從歷史上看，英語的拼寫可能沒有變化，但是讀音發生變化。所以尋找對應詞，或者從拼寫上找，或者從音標上找。例如water一詞，從拼寫看想像讀音可能是wei，因為在英語中a讀成ei。這正好對應漢語的水shuei-shui。
red，按拼寫讀，ri，赤。當找對應詞時，一般用英語詞彙拼寫中的元音字母的讀音，而不用其音標做依據。有一種說法，說英國人保守，詞的發音變了，但是拼寫不改。因此英語的拼寫更能顯示英語原來的讀音。例如red的-e讀音【e】，可能就是法語式的讀法。應該還有許多這樣的詞，拼寫可能是英語以前的拼寫，但讀音已經改變了。英語開始有文字記錄時，其拼寫與讀音是一致的。只是到了後來，讀音與拼寫不再一致，才會有音標。
法語office，府oui，唯；plus，屢次，quand當，rivere，水，ruin毀，chien犬。 bong，好，不錯，可以，河南話裡面有:中，zhong；漢語：太tai；法語發音tre。 ma.rine，溟，大海古稱。
共通語言的詞表是根據詞匯的以下特徵書寫：
有事物的聯想聯繫，如lumiere，lune，氳yun
對事物的語言直接描述，如come，發出聲響即爲來；
元音相同的應用。例如英語book，書shu，元音均爲u音；法語chanter，唱chang
輔音相同的應用；例如英語Send，送song伸shen；法語plus，屢lv
一般的盡量找到元音與輔音都相像的對應的詞，如英語Send，伸shen，法語plus，屢lv；
兒話音的應用；例如claire，亮liar兒話音
對事物的描述，如come，發出聲響我來；
鼻音的詞與非鼻音詞的對應；例如英語eye，漢語眼yan，地方話yar
帶鼻音的詞匯之間聯繫；例如mountain，山shan，均帶鼻音
介詞不限制用對應介詞做解釋，例如英語With，尾wei（尾隨）；跟著
有時會給出兩種解釋，讀者任選。例如英語與法語tears，泣tsi.qi，淚lei，dtnl同族
一個英語或者法語詞，會有很多不同後綴，即不同詞性，但是意義接近的詞，一般取其主要的詞的拼寫來找漢語對應字。例如act，action，activate，active，，activity，等等，以act為根據。
因為英語詞彙中元音的不同組合發不同音，所以每一種組合均單獨列出，然後給出漢語對應字。例如-ack，-ace，e，ea，ee等，而不是僅僅列出a，e等元音字母及其對應漢字。
英語的拼寫一般與其音標有差異。這裡所說與漢語的對應，拼寫與音標均包括。
西語一般是對一件事物取一個相關詞。例如ab.brev.iate，漢語對應為略【lue】，【suo】，略寫，縮寫。英語法語有前綴後綴等等。
詞彙的分類，A，B，C，等等，是按照單詞的主要部分的開始字母分類。例如a.blaze，其分類是歸到B當中。
漢語中的一個字，有的是一個意思，有的有多個意思。例如待字，就有多個意思。按照新華字典的解釋，有：等待，招待，將要，停留等等意思。
而在英語中，一個詞也可能有多個意思。例如abide，意思有：堅持，等待，住，對應漢語的字可以為一個字：待，基本能夠對應。
一個英語詞或者法語詞對應的漢字可能有若干個，一般選取主要的一個。例如ab.neg.ation，意思為放棄，拒絕，克制。對應的漢字可以為：絕，克。絕的意思為拒絕，也有放棄的意思。克為克制，與絕字沒有關係。
一些詞的主體在詞典中找不到。如ab.ject，con.ject.ure，in.ject等詞的主體詞-ject在字典中找不到。還如：of.fice，suf.fice的主體詞-fice；可能是來自希臘語，拉丁語等。作者本人沒有更多的時間與精力去找原始來源。因此只能給出接近的漢字，不一定十分貼切。
漢語或者英語法語的更多的詞組例句，詳細的內容可以參考書籍或者網上的對該詞的解釋。例如履字，有好幾個意思，相應的詞組或者成語也有若干個；boot，有幾個意思，在短語和例句的意思，等等，可以參考其他地方。
因此，漢語與英語或者法語的語詞對應，有可能是一對一，也可能一對多，多對一，多對多。這裡的一，多，是指字詞或者其中的意思。
有時找的漢字不一定是很恰當的，隨著時間推移，可能會有更恰當的對應漢字找到。
共通語言往往給出較爲寬泛的解釋，帶有想像的成分。雖然是對詞匯的解釋，但依然想把詩意放在枯燥的解釋裏面。可以假設語言之間有聯繫，同樣的詞這種語言用到表示這個意思，那個語言表示別的意思，但還是有點關聯，這裏的解釋也似乎能夠講通。例如英語dreams，吹chuei ；夢。夢似吹煙。 longer，龍（麻將一條龍）long；長。不知距離華夏遙遠的地方是否也有龍的概念。
英語詞彙只選擇比較常用的，其所對應的漢語詞彙僅僅選擇一兩個來寫，漢語詞彙不能認為是最後確定的答案，所以採用網絡詞典的方式以方便修改。有些漢語詞彙的寫法，的確顯得勉強。如果需要詳細準確的詞彙解釋，請立即查閱其他各種英漢詞典。
音直譯的好處在於無障礙的了解其思想，並且記得牢靠。例如：auto-[] v. [<希臘語]。 [國 bao, jiao, jiao, xiao, zhao, wo]寶，驕，蛟，小，肇，我；自，自身。你願意稱你自己什麼，你就選什麼詞彙。古人造字也許就是這樣做的。
語言，文字本身就是藝術的事物，其起因與演變不似數學定理那樣的嚴格界定與推理，具很大的隨意與偶然性。但通過努力也能找到規律。例如語系之劃分，文學作品對語言的影響。語言也會符合五行八卦。
共通語言探討語言之間可能的聯繫，以促進語言的學習。非教科書，非最終答案，是一個動態的過程。非製作出一種語言，而是力求使不同的語言貫穿起來，而又能夠保持各自的獨立。
尾記
語言文字是上天賜予我們人類的美麗的花，不論發音時態還是文字的書寫等似乎都是曠大空間極遠時代的古人以及後來的先哲對時間空間的看法總結。願每種語言文字都像花園中的花朵一樣盛開。
漢字是像形文字，是珍貴的，具有穩定性。拼音文字雖然易學習，但是隨著時間的推移，發音會發生變化。後來者則無法理解前人的思想。移民的時代，即航海或者宇航時代則更如此。不同地方，不同星球的語言肯定不同，無法設想所有人只講一種語言。只有漢字才能解決字面交流的問題。
其實，學習語言不是目的，用語言去討論問題，這才是學習語言的最終目的。凡是你感興趣的問題，都應該成為討論的對象，不應該被限制，從而激發出智慧並解決問題，推動文明的進步。
我們是否在用我們現在的觀點理解古人，他人呢？
例如大雁功當中的各種動作名稱，我們可能覺得僅僅是動作名稱，但是由於古人的境界比我們大，因此也未必如我們現在所理解的，比如尋雲看霧，可能不僅僅是尋雲，也許包涵了對世界超脫的理解。
如陰陽，現在是說古人經過抽象，看到太陽，男人等等，得出陽的概念。也許是太陽，男人從陰陽而來的狀態，被古人體會到。例如understand，理解。英語與漢語對理解這個詞的理解是不同的。
理論探索無有止境，一切問題永遠沒有最終的，標準的，唯一的答案。周雖舊邦，其命維新。 ———–《詩經·大雅·文王》。感謝老天爺。感謝大地。感謝國家和人民。感謝列祖列宗。感謝父母與家人。感謝漢字創立者。感謝以往詞典編寫者。感謝文字改革者，因為保留了漢文字。願我們強大。願世界和平。
Respect
Respect the great Manjushri.
Om, Alaba Zanati. — Manjusri Bodhisattva’s mantra.
Explanation of common language
Website www.languagesbook.com
email: collanguage@collanguage.com
Reference
Robert’s French-Chinese Dictionary
The latest advanced English-Chinese dictionary, the Commercial Press
Ancient Chinese Dictionary, Commercial Press
Mandarin dictionary, The internet
Thank God, earth, country and people; thank ancestors and ancestors; parents and family. Thanks to the creators of Chinese characters and letters, and the authors of various dictionaries.
May we be strong. May the world be peaceful. I hope that through the study of language, we will be able to absorb the essence of human civilization from all parts of the world and create great prosperity.
The environment of freedom of thought, rights and habits are the basis of the conception of a common language, and a common language is the product of imagination. Although the development direction and path of the common language cannot be determined now, there will be clear answers as the society develops.
Theoretical exploration is endless, and there is never a final, standard, and only answer to all questions. “Although Zhou is an old state, its fate is restored.” “The Book of Songs·Daya·Wen Wang”.
Perhaps one day, JinKai, the golden musical instrument, is based on the correlation of consonants or vowels between vocabularies of different languages, and triggers the idea and vocabulary of a common language, which will become the communication and even communication of mankind’s future space navigation.
Introduction to Common Languages
The basis for the compilation of the common language vocabulary is to believe that human language is changed from one language, or there is mutual influence between each other, or there is similarity. He also believes that in the process of language development, vowels and consonants change but there are still rules to follow; the division of language family is not an insurmountable barrier, and the grammar and words used should not become obstacles to the study of the common nature of language.
The purpose of writing the vocabulary is to provide an engineering method for language learning, which can be a reference material for learning English, French and Chinese. Some of the content can also be considered as conclusions from the study of language.
This is a vocabulary for learning. Writing in modern English and modern Chinese (including Chinese local dialects), the choice of vocabulary does not exceed the existing ordinary English-Chinese and Chinese dictionaries. The pronunciation of modern English and modern Chinese is used as the basis for writing, but it also involves Old English and Latin. The pronunciation and vocabulary of ancient Chinese have changed. In this vocabulary, it is easy to remember and apply, and to master English and French vocabulary through literal translation.
The content of this vocabulary is only my opinion.
In ancient Chinese or classical Chinese, sentences are basically composed of single words. By reading this vocabulary, we can find that the expression in English and French may be similar to the expression in ancient Chinese or Chinese local dialect.
My job is not unique. Those who are interested in language deeply explore the origin and connection of language. Their work has deeply influenced and inspired my view of language.
I studied English-Chinese dictionaries for almost ten years and spent the whole time trying to master English by learning dictionaries. I have always had the idea that when I see English, I can know Chinese. Because of doing other things, I gave up this seemingly stupid method.
Later, due to environmental requirements, I learned French. I still use this method to try to master and translate French vocabulary. I have heard other people say that French and Chinese have several vocabulary the same. I have also read a few articles on the Internet, and some words are similar in English and Chinese. I think that language and Chinese should have something in common. I tried to use literal translation to write French and Chinese vocabulary in order to master French vocabulary. After writing, I gradually felt that English and French seemed to be able to directly correspond to the words and characters of some ancient Chinese, Chinese local dialect, and spoken Chinese. Readers can understand this by reading this vocabulary patiently. In this way, the writing is integrated into this English-Chinese literal dictionary.
Of course, this issue is indeed more complicated, involving various disciplines such as archaeology, linguistics, genetics, and so on, which need to be discussed by scholars. If we want to prove the common nature of languages, we need a more in-depth discussion. My vocabulary may be used as a common language material, but it is not or can prove that there is a certain relationship between the two.
What I care about is only one problem, that is, it can help people learn English, French and Chinese more conveniently. Out of the idea of memorizing vocabulary, here is just to find Chinese characters with similar sounds to English and French vocabulary.
For Chinese speakers, when you see an English vocabulary, you can convert it into similar Chinese characters for easy memory and understanding. For English speakers, it can be used to learn Chinese characters. Hieroglyphs have eternal charm.
In the vocabulary, only the more commonly used English and French vocabularies are selected, and the corresponding Chinese vocabulary is only one or two to write. The Chinese vocabulary cannot be considered as the final answer, so the network vocabulary is used to facilitate modification. The writing of some Chinese vocabulary really seems reluctant. If you need a detailed and accurate vocabulary explanation, please consult various other English-Chinese dictionaries immediately.
In the process of compiling this vocabulary, I have consulted other dictionaries, including English-Chinese dictionaries, Xinhua dictionaries, and ancient Chinese dictionaries. Thank you here.
I would like to ask all readers for your valuable comments, the author is very grateful.
The author keeps in mind.
The origin of common language explanation
I learned English and French very early. When I was in elementary school, I followed the radio station to study. Later, I let it go for a long time, because I wanted to walk around the world, so I picked up foreign language learning again. Foreign language learning in the adult age is different from that in the childhood. It requires some memory skills and methods, so it will follow some linguistics to study some linguistics, and gradually become interested in the phenomena and laws of the language, and think about some things in the language. In the past, the scope of vision was related to the knowledge of the physical world, such as mathematics, physics, electrical machinery, etc.; I was also interested in music, painting, calligraphy and other arts, but I did not expect that language research is actually a science, and it is closely related to people. Related knowledge.
Later came to live in Montreal. Mengcheng is a good place to swim in summer and ski in winter and gather with all kinds of people. In fact, it is worth cherishing that you can learn to use French and English here. This is a good environment that is not available in other places. Immigrants and their children speak more of the language of their hometown. Montreal, English and French coexist, I have some conditions to study Chinese, English and French together, hoping to find common ground between the three. In today’s world, English and French occupy an important position, and Chinese now has many advantages, and our Chinese characters are very valuable. By studying some linguistics and history articles, communicating with some friends, and doing some thinking, I feel that different languages can still be connected.
The author spent almost ten years studying English-Chinese dictionaries, and spent the whole time trying to master English by learning dictionaries. I have always had the idea that when I see English, I can know Chinese. Because of doing other things, I gave up this seemingly stupid method. Later, due to environmental requirements, I learned French. I still use this method to try to master and translate French vocabulary. I have heard other people say that French and Chinese have several vocabulary the same.
Through online or book learning, and communicating with people from all over the world, I have realized the similarities in human languages. I think there should be similarities between English and Chinese, and Chinese characters are extremely precious. Study it in your spare time. Try to use literal translation to write French and Chinese vocabulary in order to master French vocabulary. After writing for a period of time, considering the importance of English, I decided to write an English-Chinese vocabulary comparison first. After writing, I gradually felt that English and ancient Chinese, Chinese local dialect, and spoken Chinese seemed to be closer. Readers can understand this by reading this dictionary patiently. In this way, the writing is merged into a common language vocabulary, and a common language website www.collanguage.com is established to share their labor income with others.
Language and writing are beautiful flowers that God bestows on us. Both the pronunciation tense and the writing of words seem to be a summary of the views of time and space by the ancients and later philosophers in the vast space and extremely distant era. May every language and characters bloom like flowers in a garden.
Chinese characters are hieroglyphs, precious and stable. Although Pinyin is easy to learn, the pronunciation will change over time. Those who came later could not understand the thoughts of the predecessors. This is even more so in the age of immigration, that is, the age of navigation or aerospace. The languages of different places and different planets are definitely different. It is impossible to imagine that everyone speaks only one language. Only Chinese characters can solve the problem of literal communication. Of course, if you have thought sensing, you can also use your brain to pass Chinese characters. If you speak different languages, you will get different spellings, which is not easy to understand, just like the problems in the paper age. In short, Chinese characters have extraordinary functions.
In fact, language learning is not the goal. Using language to discuss issues is the ultimate goal of language learning. Any issues you are interested in should be the object of discussion and should not be restricted, so as to inspire wisdom and solve problems, and promote the progress of civilization.
The purpose of common language
Language is indeed a summary of what mankind has seen and heard, thoughts and thoughts since ancient times. Now the development of linguistics has developed to the extent that it affects real-world technology. For example, computer language is the application of language research in transforming the material world.
The non-linguistic research presented here is the result of what I think of in daily life, combined with the rules of language and phonetics that I think of myself. My job is not unique. Those who are interested in language deeply explore the origin and connection of language. Their work has deeply influenced and inspired my view of language.
The idea and attempt of a common language is to connect different languages, similar to several electronic circuit boards, regardless of their internal evolution, but only focus on the connection of external interfaces. It is a review of the history of language development, and it is also a prospect of the future language. It is not based on research based on various existing theories, but it also provides a language research idea; it provides a language learning method, that is, to correspond to a Chinese character with the closest pronunciation and meaning to English and French vocabulary for memorization.
But, after all, we are people with bones, flesh and blood, and body temperature, not just a cold machine. Therefore, thinking about problems in conjunction with daily life and art is in line with our human nature. Translating the laws of language into symbols or digits is the way of so-called Waidan. Thinking about language in this way is the same thing as studying physical chemistry, astronomy, geography, electronic machinery, etc. It is nothing more than using mathematics or symbols to study different objects. In fact, it is the study of physical chemistry, astronomy, geography, and electronic machinery. There is also a factor that considers people’s feelings. The feelings of people mentioned here are not only convenient and beautiful in operation, appearance, etc., but also whether people can experience the operation, not inferring from the external interface. It can be done by describing things and processes through language and doing an intuitive experience.
Euclidean geometry is a general doctrine paradigm from ancient times to the present, and later sciences such as physics, chemistry, astronomy, and geography are established on this basis. The pre-Qin philosophers of China constructed the Chinese academic system, Chinese medicine, Zhouyi, Five Elements theory and so on. Analogy logic is actually the most widely used logic in ancient Chinese classics. The ancient Chinese applied the logic of analogy to everything in the world, implying a logical assumption that there is similarity between everything in the world. That is to say, the universe is a system, and the inside of the system is similar, so the concept of yin and yang and five elements has a logical foundation. The characteristic of analogy logic is relatively rough, but it can still draw many effective conclusions. But we can’t all wait for the establishment of the basic deductive theory to find the similarity of language and apply it to language learning. Even if there is a theoretical discussion on the relevance of language, it lacks emotional color.
Language does contain our emotions, and it is best to study it through our lives. By means of reasoning, such as the creation of the so-called Esperanto, or the creation of Indo-European source languages, there is a lack of emotional color. I want to make my thoughts and what I write rooted in life, with the breath of life. Language is alive only through the expression of art and literature.
Through the comparison of vocabulary in different languages, it is hoped that it can promote people’s language learning. Learning Chinese well can promote foreign language learning. Ancient India, Europe, Persia, etc., have a large number of documents, if you can use software to literally translate, you can overcome the barriers of language letters. The ultimate goal is that books in other languages correspond to Chinese characters, so that they can be preserved in the form of Chinese characters.
The purpose of writing in a common language is to provide a way to learn English or Chinese. Some of the content can also be considered as conclusions from the study of language. Only my opinion. It can be a reference material for learning English, French and Chinese. Correspondence mentioned in the vocabulary here refers to the contrast between the vocabulary of the language, its spelling or phonetic vowels, or it is just a fun game. The common language vocabulary is re-applied, and the ins and outs of the language vocabulary are not studied in detail, so that it can be easily memorized.
The explanation of the common language is actually based on the theory that one human language has a common nature, and the second human language evolved from a few languages. The three languages have interrelated influences due to human movement. Even if we use hieroglyphs, Chinese is still closely related to other languages. This is just a study from the perspective of pronunciation. With the discovery of archaeology, it should be verified. In the process of language development, vowels and consonants change regularly; the division of language family is not an insurmountable barrier, and the grammar and the characters used should not become obstacles to the study of the common nature of language.
Xu Guangqi, a great scientist in the Ming Dynasty, translated “Principles of Geometry” to determine the geometric name. Perhaps he did not consider the similarity between ancient Chinese, English and Latin, and only determined the name from the similar pronunciation. The research here may provide something useful for the compilation of subjects such as historical mathematics. An option is provided for the direction of English translation in the future. Because there are more and more modern English vocabulary, sometimes it is directly introduced for convenience. In fact, Chinese always has vocabulary corresponding to it, and the pronunciation is close, but this vocabulary is not actually used, but it can always be understood. For example: ana.es.the.sia [] n. [国sang zhi] mourning knowledge; anesthesia. [<Greek]. I also hope to find out through the vocabulary, and try to use the existing vocabulary instead of creating words or transplanting vocabulary at will. It was not easy for the ancients to create a vocabulary. Sex, Tao, Yin and Yang are good or Chinese words. I hope to bring the vocabulary back to the basics.
Modern Chinese is not as concise as ancient Chinese. For example, about; contract. Discuss; consult, consult. We need to restore the language and writing used by our ancestors, concise and image, that was created by the painstaking efforts of the ancient sages. It is a pity that we abandon the creation of the ancients. For example: a word ‘photo’, we must use two words to express: photography, maintenance. Restore our ancient languages, local languages, and popular languages. No one is worthless. The text that should be used is a font that has been gradually evolved for five thousand years.
There will always be a steady stream of new words. For example, there are so many cars and so many toys, but it can be said that there are as many dreams as there are dreams. Natural creation, no pretense. Language is developing. Development requires romance. If you tell the students so many rules from the beginning of the language learning, then the language is dead. Or the final outcome is to only remember the rules, but not words. The same is true for every theory. How to learn a language? Pile up with words. Although writing is very cumbersome, it is a romantic thing because you can think far and far. It can be imagined for ten thousand years. Through the vocabulary of the language, one can think of history, feel the footsteps of the ancient civilization, and feel the intention of the great ancestors inventing languages. The same sound expresses different meanings, and the ancients created different words to correspond to it. These great ancestors crisscrossed the Eurasian continent and created civilization in different places.
Are we using our current point of view to understand the ancients and others? For example, we may think that the various action names in the Big Wild Goose Gong are just action names, but because the ancients have a larger realm than ours, they may not be as we understand now. Contains a detached understanding of the world. Like yin and yang, now it is said that the ancients, through abstraction, saw the sun, men, etc., and drew the concept of yang. Perhaps it is the sun, the state of a man coming from yin and yang, which was understood by the ancient human body. For example, understand. The understanding of the word in English and Chinese is different.
Language and writing are artistic things, and their origin and evolution are not strictly defined and reasoned like mathematical theorems. They are very random and accidental. But through hard work, we can also find a pattern. For example, the division of language family, the influence of literary works on language. The language will also conform to the Five Elements Bagua.
Common language explores possible connections between languages to promote language learning. Non-textbook, non-final answer, is a dynamic process. Instead of creating a language, we strive to make different languages run through while maintaining their independence. This is a grand affair, a goal pursued by a common language.
Phonetic discourse in common language
Sound originally exists in nature, and the mind and body also belong to nature. That being the case, then humans should use the same language to express the same thing. Not only that, the sounds felt by all creatures and the sounds used to express joy and pain will be the same as human beings.
Language should include mantras and communication language. The mantras of the Bodhisattva are issued by his willingness to survive and cannot be translated and understood in the language we use. Maybe it is the language of the previous generation of humans. But I know that reciting the mantra of a bodhisattva will correspond to his aspiration. Such as the Great Mantra of Guanyin Bodhisattva: Om Mani Pad Mihong. According to Lay Nan Huaijin, Tibetan Buddhism in Tibet has this mantra, and it also exists in some parts of the world.
The language of communication is the various languages nowadays. Language is related to the ancient people’s knowledge of the world and themselves. Ancient Chinese thought believed that man and nature were one, and the world transformed from Pangu into a mountain and ocean forest; ancient Indian thought believed that the universe is an adult. The incantations of Tibetan Buddhism and other sects should also help us have a deeper understanding of language. At first, the language should be for praising the gods, and then for communication, such as the teaching of the real tribe in Australia. Of course, whether the gods are inside or outside the body, big or small, ancient and modern, different sects have different opinions.
Ancient Indian thought believed that the world originated from Azi. Therefore, when the ancients began to produce words, there was a sound first, and then other sounds. The word “A” stands for nothing. Although it comes from the mouth, it comes from the void, from the dark, from nothing. All sounds come from one sound “A”, all languages come from one language, people come from one place or even one person. That is, one life two, two beget three, three beget all things. And one grows from being, and something grows from nothing. Everything in the outside world, the colors, sounds, fragrances, and touches that people or sentient beings feel through their eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body mind, and thus some of the emotions, sorrows, sorrows, sorrows, and terrors are all sentient beings’ final feelings. These, born of the heart, will be in harmony with the outside world. Just like the principle of resonance, this is the realm of sentient beings. The realm of the Bodhisattva is as stated in the “Heart Sutra” translated by Master Xuanzang of the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Seng Tang Sanzang of Journey to the West: Comprehension of freedom is to see that the five aggregates are empty, and all sufferings are saved. Color is matter. The colors mentioned by Master Confucius should also be material.
The sound itself already has the properties of expressing objects, such as the thickness of the upper and lower ground. At the same time, there are pictographs corresponding to the audio to indicate the objects seen by the eyes. For example: The character “San” already knows the meaning from the pronunciation, and it is easier to understand by adding Chinese characters. The Buddhist scriptures say that people come from the sixth heaven, the light and sound heaven. The creation of Chinese characters should be able to confirm this statement.
Vocabulary is related to people’s origin, culture, history, religion, and even the ancient outlook on life and the universe in places such as ancient China, ancient India, ancient Egypt, ancient Siberia and so on 10,000 years ago. The ancient Chinese people may have several parts: the northern race, the southern race, and the western race.
Ancient thinking is roughly the same. All vocabulary can be considered to originate from the imitation of sound, relying on the inspiration of nature and human experience to form words, similar to the definition of gossip, whether in Chinese or English or French. For example, the cat mao may be imitated from the cat’s cry. bird may be related to the bird’s call. Girl, girl, may come from imitating a girl’s voice. arrown.[国sou] whoosh; arrow. art [] n. [国a] Ah! Fine arts, art. Ah, watch sigh, watch art.
Singing means that the throat becomes thicker and thinner, and the language is that the sound changes in the upper and lower positions of the throat. Make an assumption based on the inference made by the view of the correspondence between man and sky in ancient China. Different vowels have different positions in the airway of pronunciation. a, o me, e oh, i one, u nothing, yu Yu, the position in the pronunciation airway is from top to bottom, the same as the position of the external representation. The sound of a is high, and the sound of yu is low. The nasal sound is higher than its root sound. From the head to the feet of the human body, it corresponds to the arrangement of a, o, e, i, u, and yu. For example, a corresponds to hair, o or ou corresponds to head, e corresponds to throat, and i corresponds to chest; u corresponds to belly and feet. In terms of external things, it means that vowels such as a, ou and so on are often used in the upper part, and u and yu are often used in the lower part. For example, foot, sous, foot, live, which means the following things. Chinese hieroglyphs are characters that match different occasions or behaviors, such as: live, note, and stay. A word first has the meaning above its sound, and then it is expressed in words, that is, the meaning of the word first, the meaning of the word first.
The following is the order of sound from high to low:
ang, a, e, i, u, yu.
The position of nasal words is higher than that of non-nasal words, for example: upper shang and lower xia.
High gao, the position of the high word in the airway is higher than the low word;
Di, the low word is lower than the high word in the airway;
The same inference is that each vowel emits a different amount of air in the airway. E.g
The cu is thick, and the thick words emit more air in the airway.
xi fine. The air volume of the fine writing in the airway should be small.
Like French, Latin vocabulary has yin and yang. Sound can also be divided into yin and yang.
A positive, day
O negative
E negative
I negative: ground, dense, mud, greasy, inverse, Nepal. Drowning, hiding.
U negative
V negative: rain, go, female, reject,
Then use the specific place, and then divide the yin and yang. E.g
E:
Masculine (changing long, big): introduction, connection, festival (day), outstanding, uncovering; clean, iron, wild, ye, ye, ye.
Negative: suffocated, shriveled, lame, don’t, turtle, fluid, night,
The same English word should have the same part-of-speech Chinese vocabulary as its counterpart.
AO: Sound represents power, and it may all come from one sound. Good, Yao, called, Liao.
H: The consonant h may also have this function. h sound comes out directly. Gkh has the same root.
The five elements of matter correspond to the English numbers.
Gold One, Wood Two, Water Three Fire Four, Soil Five,
Correspondence between Tianqian and English numbers.
A, B, C, D, E, Six, Geng se.ven, Xin, Nine, Deca
Correspondence between Earthly Branches and English Numbers.
Mouse, Ugly Bull, Yinhu, Maotu, Chenlong, Sisnake six, Wuma, Weiyang eight, Shenhou nine, Youji, Xugou, Haizhu twel.ve
Sun [] n.[国yang] Yang, dry Yang; moon [] n.[国kuen-kun] Kun; Kun Yue.
Chinese characters are extraordinary
The four tones and five tones in Chinese dialects are of a singing nature. It is a kind of beautiful language expression that expresses the image of natural things, and also expresses the sound. It is the wisdom creation of our ancestors in the ancient country. Cantonese elegance: nine tones and six tones, with strong ancient rhyme.
We also have Chinese characters.
Chinese characters are extremely useful. In the aerospace era, pictographs are needed; people exercise their right brain to prevent Alzheimer’s; there are too many scientific and technological vocabulary; the pronunciation is always changing over time.
The creation of Chinese hieroglyphs is a long process. In Europe, Siberia, Yinshan Mountains, and the west coast of the United States, rock carvings with a time of 5,000 to 10,000 years may be one of the sources. Chinese characters may have origins from Sumer, Ancient Egypt, etc.
Nowadays, many written instructions are drawn as icons, and Chinese characters, as hieroglyphs, have the nature of icons themselves.
There are many words in the world now. A type of writing has two expressions: letters and pictographs. Pictographs serve as a common medium so that anyone can read publications in other languages and communicate with each other.
A pronunciation corresponds to different words, different meanings, and different Chinese characters. It seems to come from an original pronunciation, and all come from one meaning. That is, there is no birth, there is birth one, one birth two, two birth three, that is, there is a vocabulary, which is changed into different words according to different places. E.g:
yi
Yi, transfer, translation, difference, ease, loss, overflow, interpretation, suppression, loss, legacy, Yi, Yi, Yi, Yi. The meaning of change.
qiao
Sled, voila, shell, pretty, sled, clever, knock, sway, overseas Chinese. The meaning of appearance.
cang
Cang Zang and so on agreed, it may be different time, different man-made.
qie, que
The lack of jade, lack, loss khwed, collapsed, sawed, cut.
xiao
Laugh, filial
un sound
Roll gun, round lun, army jun, transport yun; perhaps from glun.
y, yang
Yang, Yang, Yang, Yibang, etc., tall are all related. One side is related, and the side of raising sheep is related to life.
uan sound
q-circle full volume, h-finish ring, w-bend bowl pill Xuanyuan, x-rotation; turn, ring, turn, etc. are all related to circle.
ge
Luo, each, etc. must have the same pronunciation in ancient times, using different characters to distinguish them.
Words with the same meaning in Chinese characters may come from one sound, for example
Er, you, you, etc. are all from one voice.
The same radical radicals in Chinese characters may be related, for example
Willows are related to rivets.
There may be links between different language families
The degree of relevance between languages is greater than we imagined. The division of language families is an old thing, and Chinese also has tense. When it comes to languages, one thinks of language families, including the so-called Sino-Tibetan language family, Indo-European language family, Austro-Asian language family, Altaic language family, and so on. These divisions are the conclusions drawn by linguists after investigation, analysis, debate, and summary. With the passage of time and the advent of new research results, the criteria for the division of language families may change. When the language family is divided, people will naturally think that the languages within the language family have some common things, such as grammar, vocabulary, etc. It is impossible for different language family languages to have any connection.
To explore the source of language, one must talk about the source of people and ethnicity. In the past, the perception was that the Chinese were transformed from the Peking Man, but now genetic studies have proved that the modern Chinese are not related to the Peking Man, and the Peking Man has been extinct during the last ice age. Some information about human migration does prove that human language may be related. It has been proved that all modern humans in the world today are descendants of Homo sapiens who came out of Africa about 70,000 years ago, and the languages of people in Eurasia must be related. Cavemen were found near Beijing, China, but they do not seem to be the ancestors of modern Chinese. In a boundary, the relics found are not necessarily the ancestors of the people living here or their creations. The ancients knew no borders. The Chinese ancestors came from the vast northern grasslands, from places where stone carvings were found, from the Kunlun Mountains to the west, and from the peninsula to the south. Ireland also has dragons, and Hongshan culture also has dragons, but they are different. The modern race may be the descendants of the African people who started to accelerate their progress suddenly 40,000 or 50,000 years ago for unknown reasons, including us modern Chinese. Therefore, it can be inferred that different languages are all developed from the core language.
The impact of historical events on language. It is generally believed that languages that are far apart geographically, no matter in terms of language family or geography, are considered to be two extremely different languages without any relationship. However, if we make a comparative study of several languages, and this comparison is based on the ancient, modern official and contemporary local languages of both sides, modern human origin and genetic doctrines, and considering the changes in their respective history. Even based on a very common sense of the possibility of human freedom of migration in ancient times, it may be possible to conclude that there may be a relationship between languages.
Language is related to human migration. Humans migrated freely in ancient times. The Huns were able to migrate thousands of miles from northern China to Europe, Turkic and Mongolians, we know that they departed from East Asia or Central Asia to reach Europe. This is recorded in history books. Therefore, it is not difficult to understand the similarities between languages. In the recorded history, ethnic migration and various exchanges between the East and the West are frequent. Especially in the north, from the Hulunbuir grassland to the Eastern European grasslands, it is known as the migration channel of nomads. If there is no connection between languages, it seems impossible. In ancient times, people moved freely without borders. The ancients who migrated to a certain place will certainly not learn the local language step by step like the current migrants, and it is more likely to conquer or mix the local indigenous languages. There is evidence that wheat and others entered China along with human migration.
In ancient Chinese or classical Chinese, sentences are basically composed of single words. Through the explanation, it can be found that the expression in French and English may be more like the expression in ancient Chinese or Chinese local dialect. Cantonese has consonants in its final sound, but the pronunciation is usually very light and fast. For example: Foot [cut], English is foot [fut]. The reason for this is that after Qin unified the six countries, a large number of aristocrats and ordinary people from the six countries immigrated to Lingnan, which brought the Central Plains dialect at that time and merged with the local dialect to form Cantonese. Final consonants can distinguish vocabulary. Chinese has no consonants, which is easy to cause confusion. For example, tragedy, cups, and Cantonese can make up for this lack. Ancient Chinese may have consonants, and then evolve and lose the final consonants. You can see the introduction of Jiarong language to understand the evolution of Chinese.
The language of mankind has come to this day, in fact, it should go beyond the setting of language family. In ancient times, there were no countries and borders, and the ancients could make their homes everywhere without a passport. It is extremely normal for languages to influence each other. But the thoughts made here are only out of interest or prospects for the future, and do not involve existing language theories.
Features and Regulations of Common Language Vocabulary
A few years ago, a report said that a Chinese-American history professor went to Gansu, China to do fieldwork. He found that the local dialect and ancient Jewish language have about a thousand vowels that have the same vowels. Later, my friend told Professor Wang Li to explain that the consonants in the language did not change much, but the vowels changed greatly. I also tried to find words with the same vowels in English and Chinese, and later on words with the same vowels in French and Chinese. Gradually integrated into this English-Chinese literal translation.
The common language vocabulary is not based on genetic research, but based on phonetic research and application. The relationship between languages, whether accidental or inevitable, tries to make the basic vocabulary have corresponding Chinese vocabulary with similar pronunciation, and find vocabulary that is close to each other in pronunciation and meaning. This article is to study how to find it, and gives some regular things. Although it is not possible to fully prove the inner connection between languages, there are still some clues.
The common language vocabulary is not a strict translation, but an imaginative comparison. Stories from daily life, pictures, and some classic studies and summaries. Each vocabulary has a simple explanation. The corresponding vocabulary may have a certain basis, may seem to make sense, or it may be a reluctant correspondence. The vocabulary of a common language is a vocabulary with similar pronunciations and similar meanings. General translation is free translation, which is difficult to learn. The advantage of literal translation is that it pays attention to the possible connections in the language and uses the original mother tongue in learning, which is equivalent to building a bridge.
Regardless of whether there is a language relationship, whether you are learning English, French or Chinese, you can use similar pronunciations to memorize vocabulary. The common language vocabulary is an indispensable vocabulary based on the consideration of pronunciation and word meaning, which is different from the current dictionary that only considers the meaning of words. Of course, it seems unrealistic to find a one-to-one correspondence, but at least this is an idea.
Every language has a history of change. For example, English give, gift, etc. are the same, and Arabic, the root of a book evolves like a bookstore, bookseller’s, etc. -ing is a conservative syllable.
English has been ruled by Normans for a long time because of Britain, and there have been major changes in pronunciation and vocabulary. Among the English vocabulary, according to general terms, about one-fifth are English vocabulary, three-fifths are from Latin and French, and the rest are from other languages. Of course, modern English may have more foreign words.
Chinese, due to various changes in history, has undergone the vernacular movement in modern times, and its vocabulary and pronunciation have undergone tremendous changes. However, the words used in the translation can be changed, and some similar pronunciations can be defined. Specifically, the English vocabulary uses English phonetic symbols or word spelling to select the corresponding Chinese vocabulary. For example, a is pronounced as ei, a, ai, o and so on. From Latin and Greek vocabulary, use Latin, Greek pronunciation and spelling to choose the corresponding Chinese vocabulary. For example, a can only be read as a, but not as ei. In this way, it is easy to find Chinese vocabulary with similar pronunciation. French vocabulary is based on the French spelling to find the Chinese corresponding words; some French vocabulary originally belonged to English, the Chinese corresponding words are found only according to the English pronunciation.
What is the English pronunciation?
The vowels in English are a, e, i, o, u, y. These six vowels are also in French. But the pronunciation is different. English is pronounced a【ei】, e【i】, o【ou】, u【ju】, y【wai】; French is pronounced a【a】, e【e】, i【i】, o【o】 , U [u], y [i], are pronounced the same as the Chinese Pinyin; the Chinese Pinyin is also based on French. English pronunciation is different from French. These differences should be related to the setting of the language that began to be written at that time.
It is a word developed from Old English, Middle English, etc. There are differences between open syllables and closed syllables. For example, bite, i is pronounced as [ai] sound, and bit as [i] sound. The pronunciation law of open syllables generally follows the pronunciation of English letters, and closed syllables are generally: a[ai], o[o], e[e], i[i], u[a], y[i].
Finding the corresponding words for closed syllable words may be different from the corresponding words found in the alphabetic pronunciation only as stipulated above. If you can find the corresponding words that comply with the two regulations, then list two correspondences; if you can’t find them, list only one. Take the nearest-sounding corresponding word.
The more troublesome thing is that you must know whether the word XX comes from Old, Middle English, or Latin. Because this determines the pronunciation of the letters. For example, a is pronounced as [ei] in English and as [a] in Latin or French. It is different in finding the corresponding words in Chinese.
The common language follows a few points when looking for the Chinese equivalents of English and French vocabulary, which are also what you need to follow when learning.
First, determine whether the word is an English word or a French word. Because, for example, the pronunciation of a is different in English or French.
Second, determine whether to find from spelling or pronunciation, generally from spelling. Note: Different spellings have different pronunciations. For example, the open syllable -ace, -ake, etc. are pronounced as [ei], while the closed syllable -ack, etc. are pronounced as [ae]. There are many other pronunciations caused by different spellings. At the same time, look for the consonants.
Third, determine the pinyin vowels of the corresponding Chinese characters, which are exactly the same as the spelling vowels and phonetic vowels of English words or French words. For example, base, the spelled vowel is a [ei], and the phonetic vowel is also [ei]. At this time, the corresponding Chinese character is Bei [bei], which can be completely corresponding. Generally this is in terms of open syllables. At the same time, look for the consonants.
For closed syllables, such as back【baek】, the phonetic symbol is 【ae】. First find it according to the phonetic symbol but cannot find it. Find it according to the spelled vowel and recite 【bei】. At the same time, look for the consonants.
Or need vowel conversion. For example, base [beis] can also correspond to the basic base [ji], because [ei] is related to [i].
Just to mention a few examples. In the Chinese translation, there are Latin vocabulary French English.
Yes, will.
dog.
foot, zu
book book, shu
at, zai
sky; cover, the sky is called the dome cover
eye, eye, called yar in northern dialect
mouth, pronounced as mou by spelling,
Mouth, kou. white, white, bai red, read by spelling, ri, red, chi,
Historically, the spelling of English may not have changed, but the pronunciation has changed. So look for the corresponding word, either from the spelling, or from the phonetic transcription. For example, the word water may be pronounced as wei from the spelling, because a is pronounced as ei in English. This corresponds exactly to the Chinese word shuei-shui.
red, read by spelling, ri, red. When looking for corresponding words, the pronunciation of vowels in English vocabulary spelling is generally used instead of the phonetic symbols as a basis. There is a saying that the British are conservative and the pronunciation of words has changed, but the spelling remains unchanged. Therefore, the spelling of English can better display the original pronunciation of English. For example, the -e pronunciation of red [e] may be the French pronunciation. There should be many such words. The spelling may be the previous spelling of English, but the pronunciation has changed. When English began to have written records, its spelling and pronunciation were consistent. Only later, when the pronunciation and spelling are no longer consistent, will there be a phonetic transcription.
French office, house oui, only; plus, repeatedly, quand when, rivere, water, ruin, chien dog. Bong, good, good, yes, Henan dialect includes: Zhong, zhong; Chinese: too tai; French pronunciation tre. ma.rine, Ming, the ancient name of the sea.
The vocabulary of the common language is written according to the following characteristics of the vocabulary:
There are associations of things, such as lumiere, lune, and 氲yun
Directly describe things in language, such as come, when you make a sound;
The same application of vowels. For example, English book, book shu, all vowels are u; French chanter, sing chang
Application of the same consonant; for example, English Send, send song to extend shen; French plus, repeat lv
Generally, try to find the corresponding words with similar vowels and consonants, such as English Send, Shen Shen, French plus, and lv;
The application of children’s voice; such as claire, bright liar’s voice
The description of things, such as come, make a sound, I come;
The correspondence between nasal words and non-nasal words; for example, English eye, Chinese eye yan, local dialect yar
Connections between nasal words; for example, mountain, shan, all have nasal sounds
Prepositions are not restricted to the interpretation of corresponding prepositions, such as English With, tail wei (trailing); follow
Sometimes two explanations are given, and the reader can choose. For example, English and French tears, weeping tsi.qi, tears lei, dtnl are the same race
An English or French word has many different suffixes, that is, words with different parts of speech but similar meanings. Generally, the spelling of the main word is used to find the Chinese counterpart. For example, act, action, activate, active, activity, etc., based on act.
Because different combinations of vowels in English vocabulary have different sounds, each combination is listed separately, and then the corresponding Chinese characters are given. For example, -ack, -ace, e, ea, ee, etc., instead of just listing a, e and other vowels and their corresponding Chinese characters.
The spelling of English is generally different from its phonetic transcription. Correspondence with Chinese mentioned here, both spelling and phonetic symbols are included.
Spanish generally refers to a related word for a thing. For example, ab.brev.iate, the Chinese corresponds to abbreviation [lue], [suo], abbreviation, and abbreviation. English and French have prefixes, suffixes and so on.
The classification of vocabulary, A, B, C, etc., is classified according to the initial letter of the main part of the word. For example, a.blaze, its classification is classified into B.
Some words in Chinese have one meaning, and some have multiple meanings. For example, the word waiting has multiple meanings. According to the interpretation of the Xinhua Dictionary, there are: waiting, entertaining, going to, staying and so on.
In English, a word may also have multiple meanings. For example, abide, meaning: persist, wait, live, and the corresponding Chinese word can be a word: wait, which can basically correspond.
There may be several Chinese characters corresponding to an English word or French word, and the main one is generally selected. For example, ab.neg.ation, which means giving up, rejecting, and restraining. The corresponding Chinese characters can be: Jue, Ke. Absolute means to refuse, and it also means to give up. Restraint means restraint and has nothing to do with absolute words.
The main body of some words cannot be found in the dictionary. The subject word-ject of words such as ab.ject, con.ject.ure, in.ject, etc. cannot be found in the dictionary. Another example: of.fice, the subject word of suf.fice -fice; may come from Greek, Latin, etc. The author himself does not have more time and energy to find the original source. Therefore, only similar Chinese characters can be given, not necessarily very appropriate.
For more phrase example sentences in Chinese or English and French, you can refer to the explanation of the word in books or on the Internet for detailed content. For example, the word crawl has several meanings, and there are several corresponding phrases or idioms; boot, has several meanings, in the meaning of phrases and example sentences, etc., you can refer to other places.
Therefore, the correspondence between Chinese and English or French words may be one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many. The one or more here refers to the word or its meaning.
Sometimes the Chinese characters you find may not be very appropriate. Over time, there may be more appropriate corresponding Chinese characters to be found.
Common language tends to give a broader explanation, with imaginative elements. Although it is an explanation of vocabulary, I still want to put poetry in a boring explanation. It can be assumed that there is a connection between languages. The same word is used in this language to express this meaning, and that language is used to express other meanings, but it is still somewhat related. The explanation here seems to be able to make sense. For example, English dreams, blowing chuei; dream. The dream is like blowing smoke. Long, Long (Mahjong One Dragon) long; long. I don’t know if there is also the concept of dragon in a place far away from China.
English vocabulary only chooses the more common ones, and the corresponding Chinese vocabulary only chooses one or two to write. The Chinese vocabulary cannot be considered as the final answer, so the online dictionary is used to facilitate modification. The writing of some Chinese vocabulary really seems reluctant. If you need a detailed and accurate vocabulary explanation, please consult various other English-Chinese dictionaries immediately.
The advantage of transliteration is to understand its thoughts without barriers, and to remember it firmly. For example: auto-[] v. [<Greek]. [国 bao, jiao, jiao, xiao, zhao, wo] Bao, arrogant, Jiao, Xiao, Zhao, me; self, self. Choose whatever vocabulary you are willing to call yourself. Ancient man-made characters may do just that.
Language and writing are artistic things, and their origin and evolution are not strictly defined and reasoned like mathematical theorems. They are very random and accidental. But through hard work, we can also find a pattern. For example, the division of language family, the influence of literary works on language. The language will also conform to the Five Elements Bagua.
Common language explores possible connections between languages to promote language learning. Non-textbook, non-final answer, is a dynamic process. Instead of creating a language, we strive to make different languages run through while maintaining their independence.
Endnote
Language and writing are beautiful flowers that God bestows on us. Both the pronunciation tense and the writing of words seem to be a summary of the views of time and space by the ancients and later philosophers in the vast space and extremely distant era. May every language and characters bloom like flowers in a garden.
Chinese characters are hieroglyphs, precious and stable. Although Pinyin is easy to learn, the pronunciation will change over time. Those who came later could not understand the thoughts of the predecessors. This is even more so in the age of immigration, that is, the age of navigation or aerospace. The languages of different places and different planets are definitely different. It is impossible to imagine that everyone speaks only one language. Only Chinese characters can solve the problem of literal communication.
In fact, language learning is not the goal. Using language to discuss issues is the ultimate goal of language learning. Any issues you are interested in should be the object of discussion and should not be restricted, so as to inspire wisdom and solve problems, and promote the progress of civilization.
Are we using our current point of view to understand the ancients and others?
For example, we may think that the various action names in the Big Wild Goose Gong are just action names, but because the ancients have a larger realm than ours, they may not be as we understand now. Contains a detached understanding of the world.
Like yin and yang, now it is said that the ancients, through abstraction, saw the sun, men, etc., and drew the concept of yang. Perhaps it is the sun, the state of a man coming from yin and yang, which was understood by the ancient human body. For example, understand. The understanding of the word in English and Chinese is different.
Theoretical exploration is endless, and there is never a final, standard, and only answer to all questions. Although Zhou is an old state, his fate is restored. ———– “The Book of Songs·Daya·Wen Wang”. Thank God. Thank you earth. Thank the country and people. Thanks to the ancestors. Thank you parents and family. Thanks to the creator of Chinese characters. Thanks to the authors of previous dictionaries. Thanks to the text reformers, because the Chinese characters are retained. May we be strong. May the world be peaceful.
